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{{Wikipedia how-to|H:FIND|WP:FIND}}
{{HelpTOC}}
{{nutshell|About finding sources to support a specific Wikipedia article. For finding a source you have already identified, see [[Wikipedia:Find your source]].}}
__NOTOC__<div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">
[[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=WP:TWL]] '''The Wikipedia Library'''</div>[[File:Search.JPG|right|165px]]
<div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 90px">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">Find sources</span></div>
[[WP:Independent sources|Independent]] and [[WP:RS|reliable]] sources are vital for creating encyclopedia articles. Reliable sources allow editors to [[WP:V|verify]] that claims in an article are ''accurate''. The higher the quality of the source for the statement it backs up, the more likely that statement is to be accurate. Independent sources help editors to write ''[[WP:NPOV|neutrally]]'' and to prove that the subject has ''[[WP:N|received note]]''. Wherever possible, editors should aim to use sources that are independent and highly reliable for the subjects they write about.
Many of the best sources are not available online, or are only available under subscription. For example, many books are not available online at all, and subscription to academic databases such as [[JSTOR]] can be fairly expensive. However, it is possible to use the internet to find many good sources to use in writing encyclopedia articles. Examples of such sources are news stories from newspapers with a reputation for accuracy, books which have previews on Google Books, and academic papers which are available for free on their authors' websites.
<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Types of sources'''<br/> </div>
Many types of sources are available, although some are appropriate only in certain situations.
*[[Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper|Scholarly articles]]: short papers published in [[academic publishing|academic journals]]. They may present original research or review the research of others. Many undergo a process of [[peer review]] before publication. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twogpmM-SfY This video explains peer review in more detail].
*[[Book]]s and [[monograph]]s: longer academic or popular works.
*[[Textbook]]s: an instructional or educational manual covering a particular subject area.
*[[Dictionaries]] and [[encyclopedia]]s: reference works containing multiple entries for different words or topics. Wikipedia is an example of an encyclopedia.
*[[Archive|Archival]] and other [[primary source]]s: historic documents. [[WP:PSTS|This page]] outlines appropriate use of primary sources.
*[[Magazine]] articles: short papers in popular or trade publications.
*[[Newspaper]] articles or [[news]] reports: writing or multimedia that discusses current events or editorial analysis. [[WP:NEWSORG|This page]] assesses the reliability of news content.
*Reports and other [[grey literature]]: a broad category that includes most government documents, conference proceedings, and other writings not provided by traditional publishers.
*[[Statistics]]: data, particularly [[census]] data, and analysis
*[[Thesis|Theses]] and [[dissertation]]s: works created as a requirement for the completion of an advanced postsecondary degree. [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP|This page]] describes some of the considerations in using these types of sources.
*Websites, blogs and other user-generated sources: online content from a variety of authors/publishers. Reliability depends on the editorial control of the website. [[WP:SPS|This page]] discusses issues with user-generated content.
<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Where to look for sources'''<br/> </div>
*Google or other general search engines are effective for finding online sources in particular, but can also be used for some other kinds of sources depending on the topic area. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPw4PSsi55A This video] outlines advanced Google searching techniques.
*[[Google Scholar]] is a good general search engine for more academic material, particularly scholarly articles, although some content will be behind a paywall. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJByIPRrTfE This longer video] outlines the use of Google Scholar.
*[[Google Books]] indexes millions of books, both academic and popular; however, not all will be available in full text. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86WTyDwfd-E This video] introduces the use of Google Books for research.
*Public or research libraries have both books and research databases, covering a wide variety of subject areas. [[WP:FYL|Find yours]].
* [[Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources]] (WP:FENS) provides a list of text-searchable, free (no-pay, non-subscription/-membership/-login) online English newspaper sources.
*See if any [[WP:TWL/Resources|free resources]] cover the topic area
*[[WP:TWL|The Wikipedia Library]] is an initiative to help Wikipedians get access to subscription or paid sources to improve Wikipedia articles. Editors can [[Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|apply for access to databases]], [[WP:RX|request specific sources]], or [[WP:RD|request help with research]].
*Bibliographies on a topic outline the main scholarly sources in a subject area and provide a good starting point, where they are available.
*Once you have found one good scholarly source, you can see what sources it cites and what cited it ([https://sydney.edu.au/library/skills/elearning/print/iResearch_Print_CitationChaining.pdf citation chaining]). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1mu4VZVzk0 This video] describes citation chaining using Google Scholar.
<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Evaluating sources'''<br/> </div>
Issues to consider in deciding whether a source is [[WP:RS|reliable]] include:
*Who is the author? What are his/her qualifications and reputation? Does he/she have any identifiable biases?
*Who is the publisher? Is the work [[WP:SPS|self-published]]? Does the publisher have a history of editorial reputation? Does the publisher have any biases?
*When was the source published? Is the information outdated?
*Does the source cite its own sources? Is it based on facts or opinions?
*Is the source [[WP:PSTS|primary, secondary, or tertiary]]?
*Are there any obvious errors or omissions?
{{For|more information about how Wikipedia policy evaluates sources |Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Templates'''<br/> </div>
To help find sources, Wikipedians have developed a number of [[:Category:Source-finding templates|source-finding templates]] which link to searches most likely to find references suitable for use in articles. The most well-known of these is {{tl|find sources}}, an inline template which can be used almost anywhere. (But [[WP:ELNO|please don't use it in articles themselves]].) This template allows editors to tweak search strings to find the best match for the subject; see the [[Template:Find sources|documentation]] for details. Alternatively, users who desire more freedom can use the meta-template {{tl|find sources multi}}, which allows a choice of search engines.
Example of {{tl|find sources}}:
:<code><nowiki>{{find sources|human disguise}}</nowiki></code> produces: {{find sources|human disguise}}
Example of {{tl|find sources multi}}:
:<code><nowiki>{{find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}</nowiki></code> produces: {{find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}
For subjects that have several names or spellings, it may be desirable to use more than one search. This can be as simple as using several {{tl|find sources}} templates. However, if you want to add the links to an article talk page, the most elegant solution may be to use {{tl|find sources notice}}. This template can handle single searches or multiple searches, and all search strings can be tweaked; see the [[Template:Find sources notice|documentation]] for all the possibilities. It should be placed under the WikiProject banners. You can use this syntax for multiple searches:
:<code><nowiki>{{find sources notice|search1=human disguise|search2=human suit|search3=aliens among us|search4=disguised as a human}}</nowiki></code>
This produces:
{{find sources notice|search1=human disguise|search2=human suit|search3=aliens among us|search4=disguised as a human}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=expanded}}
{{Help navigation|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Wikipedia tools]]
[[Category:Wikipedia sources]]
[[Category:The Wikipedia Library]]
{{HelpTOC}}
{{nutshell|About finding sources to support a specific Wikipedia article. For finding a source you have already identified, see [[Wikipedia:Find your source]].}}
__NOTOC__<div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">
[[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=WP:TWL]] '''The Wikipedia Library'''</div>[[File:Search.JPG|right|165px]]
<div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 90px">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">Find sources</span></div>
[[WP:Independent sources|Independent]] and [[WP:RS|reliable]] sources are vital for creating encyclopedia articles. Reliable sources allow editors to [[WP:V|verify]] that claims in an article are ''accurate''. The higher the quality of the source for the statement it backs up, the more likely that statement is to be accurate. Independent sources help editors to write ''[[WP:NPOV|neutrally]]'' and to prove that the subject has ''[[WP:N|received note]]''. Wherever possible, editors should aim to use sources that are independent and highly reliable for the subjects they write about.
Many of the best sources are not available online, or are only available under subscription. For example, many books are not available online at all, and subscription to academic databases such as [[JSTOR]] can be fairly expensive. However, it is possible to use the internet to find many good sources to use in writing encyclopedia articles. Examples of such sources are news stories from newspapers with a reputation for accuracy, books which have previews on Google Books, and academic papers which are available for free on their authors' websites.
<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Types of sources'''<br/> </div>
Many types of sources are available, although some are appropriate only in certain situations.
*[[Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper|Scholarly articles]]: short papers published in [[academic publishing|academic journals]]. They may present original research or review the research of others. Many undergo a process of [[peer review]] before publication. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twogpmM-SfY This video explains peer review in more detail].
*[[Book]]s and [[monograph]]s: longer academic or popular works.
*[[Textbook]]s: an instructional or educational manual covering a particular subject area.
*[[Dictionaries]] and [[encyclopedia]]s: reference works containing multiple entries for different words or topics. Wikipedia is an example of an encyclopedia.
*[[Archive|Archival]] and other [[primary source]]s: historic documents. [[WP:PSTS|This page]] outlines appropriate use of primary sources.
*[[Magazine]] articles: short papers in popular or trade publications.
*[[Newspaper]] articles or [[news]] reports: writing or multimedia that discusses current events or editorial analysis. [[WP:NEWSORG|This page]] assesses the reliability of news content.
*Reports and other [[grey literature]]: a broad category that includes most government documents, conference proceedings, and other writings not provided by traditional publishers.
*[[Statistics]]: data, particularly [[census]] data, and analysis
*[[Thesis|Theses]] and [[dissertation]]s: works created as a requirement for the completion of an advanced postsecondary degree. [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP|This page]] describes some of the considerations in using these types of sources.
*Websites, blogs and other user-generated sources: online content from a variety of authors/publishers. Reliability depends on the editorial control of the website. [[WP:SPS|This page]] discusses issues with user-generated content.
<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Where to look for sources'''<br/> </div>
*Google or other general search engines are effective for finding online sources in particular, but can also be used for some other kinds of sources depending on the topic area. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPw4PSsi55A This video] outlines advanced Google searching techniques.
*[[Google Scholar]] is a good general search engine for more academic material, particularly scholarly articles, although some content will be behind a paywall. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJByIPRrTfE This longer video] outlines the use of Google Scholar.
*[[Google Books]] indexes millions of books, both academic and popular; however, not all will be available in full text. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86WTyDwfd-E This video] introduces the use of Google Books for research.
*Public or research libraries have both books and research databases, covering a wide variety of subject areas. [[WP:FYL|Find yours]].
* [[Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources]] (WP:FENS) provides a list of text-searchable, free (no-pay, non-subscription/-membership/-login) online English newspaper sources.
*See if any [[WP:TWL/Resources|free resources]] cover the topic area
*[[WP:TWL|The Wikipedia Library]] is an initiative to help Wikipedians get access to subscription or paid sources to improve Wikipedia articles. Editors can [[Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|apply for access to databases]], [[WP:RX|request specific sources]], or [[WP:RD|request help with research]].
*Bibliographies on a topic outline the main scholarly sources in a subject area and provide a good starting point, where they are available.
*Once you have found one good scholarly source, you can see what sources it cites and what cited it ([https://sydney.edu.au/library/skills/elearning/print/iResearch_Print_CitationChaining.pdf citation chaining]). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1mu4VZVzk0 This video] describes citation chaining using Google Scholar.
<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Evaluating sources'''<br/> </div>
Issues to consider in deciding whether a source is [[WP:RS|reliable]] include:
*Who is the author? What are his/her qualifications and reputation? Does he/she have any identifiable biases?
*Who is the publisher? Is the work [[WP:SPS|self-published]]? Does the publisher have a history of editorial reputation? Does the publisher have any biases?
*When was the source published? Is the information outdated?
*Does the source cite its own sources? Is it based on facts or opinions?
*Is the source [[WP:PSTS|primary, secondary, or tertiary]]?
*Are there any obvious errors or omissions?
{{For|more information about how Wikipedia policy evaluates sources |Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}<div style="font-size:120%; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:left; padding-right:5%; line-height:150%; color:#222; padding-left:5px;width:80%">'''Templates'''<br/> </div>
To help find sources, Wikipedians have developed a number of [[:Category:Source-finding templates|source-finding templates]] which link to searches most likely to find references suitable for use in articles. The most well-known of these is {{tl|find sources}}, an inline template which can be used almost anywhere. (But [[WP:ELNO|please don't use it in articles themselves]].) This template allows editors to tweak search strings to find the best match for the subject; see the [[Template:Find sources|documentation]] for details. Alternatively, users who desire more freedom can use the meta-template {{tl|find sources multi}}, which allows a choice of search engines.
Example of {{tl|find sources}}:
:<code><nowiki>{{find sources|human disguise}}</nowiki></code> produces: {{find sources|human disguise}}
Example of {{tl|find sources multi}}:
:<code><nowiki>{{find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}</nowiki></code> produces: {{find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}
For subjects that have several names or spellings, it may be desirable to use more than one search. This can be as simple as using several {{tl|find sources}} templates. However, if you want to add the links to an article talk page, the most elegant solution may be to use {{tl|find sources notice}}. This template can handle single searches or multiple searches, and all search strings can be tweaked; see the [[Template:Find sources notice|documentation]] for all the possibilities. It should be placed under the WikiProject banners. You can use this syntax for multiple searches:
:<code><nowiki>{{find sources notice|search1=human disguise|search2=human suit|search3=aliens among us|search4=disguised as a human}}</nowiki></code>
This produces:
{{find sources notice|search1=human disguise|search2=human suit|search3=aliens among us|search4=disguised as a human}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=expanded}}
{{Help navigation|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Wikipedia tools]]
[[Category:Wikipedia sources]]
[[Category:The Wikipedia Library]]
